These methodological problems also bedevil studies that have shown an association of alcohol with other physical and social problems. Alcohol is sometimes used by both perpetrators and victims of violent crimes and is often involved in unprofessional, unplanned property crimes. Moreover, some alcohol use is indicated in 35 percent of successful suicides. There is also a widespread belief that child abuse and neglect are associated with alcohol abuse; however, this association is unproven and should be investigated further. Similarly, studies are warranted on the influence of alcohol on sexually transmitted diseases and sexual activity, including early sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy.

One problem of particular concern has been the effects of alcohol on unborn children. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a cluster of permanent physical deformities and mental retardation that result from drinking during pregnancy. There are one to three FAS babies for every 1,000 live births. In addition, some children exhibit mild physical and mental deficiencies following prenatal alcohol exposure; these kinds of abnormalities are called fetal alcohol effects (FAE).

The role of epidemiological research in every national addiction helpline helps the prevention of alcohol problems is important in defining the extent and prevalence of the various problems that need to be addressed. Also of value in prevention is a consideration of the interaction of the various factors researchers believe may contribute to the development of such problems. The discussion that follows describes three avenues of research that share a common focus on the individual in their exploration of antecedents of the heavy use of alcohol from individuals in a detriment to the treatment for alcoholics.

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